Molecular analysis of microorganisms in the semen and their impact on semen parameters.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic genitourinary infections can alter male fertility and even promote carcinogenic processes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the presence in the semen of microorganisms on semen quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical symptoms and conventional and functional seminal parameters of eleven fertile donors and ten volunteers with prostatitis-like symptoms were evaluated. Nitric oxide, antioxidant capacity, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in semen and seminal plasma samples were also quantified. Finally, the expression of the ROR-γT, FoxP3, and T-bet genes in semen and the presence of DNA of microorganisms associated with prostatitis in urine and semen were evaluated. RESULTS: When compared with fertile donors, volunteers with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms reported erectile dysfunction (0% vs. 10%, p = 0.2825) and premature ejaculation (0% vs. 40%; p = 0.0190). No statistically significant differences were observed in seminal parameters, cytokine measurement, antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide concentration and ROR-γT, FoxP3, T-bet. Microorganisms responsible for sexually transmitted infections and some bacteria associated with the microbiota and infections in the prostate gland were detected. In the semen from the subjects with prostatitis-like symptoms T. vaginalis DNA was detected; in addition, N. gonorrhoeae DNA was also detected in semen and urine samples. S. pyogenes was detected in the urine samples from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Prostatitis-like symptoms are a common finding in young men that affect sexual and reproductive health, but not always the seminal parameters or fertility. The presence of prostatitis- like symptoms does not affect seminal quality. However, it appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Thus, affecting the quality of life and sexual and reproductive health.

Overweight and obesity: The allies of prostate inflammation.

To the Editor, World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active partner to achieve a clinically confirmed pregnancy after at least one year of intercourse without contraceptive protection on fertile days. As women are primarily responsible for the conception, childbirth, and postpartum, fertility problems have been related to fertile female capacity. However, men play an essential role, being responsible for about 50% of alterations in fertility due to dysfunctions in the male reproductive tract, including varicocele, hypogonadism, poorly descended testicles, testicular tumors, and even anti-sperm autoantibodies [...].

Efecto del zumo de sandía (citrullus lanatus) en el estrés oxidativo en espermatozoides humanos / Effect of watermelon juice (citrullus lanatus) on oxidative stress in human sperm

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las alteraciones reproductivas de causa masculina relacionadas con el estrés oxidativo son cada día más estudiadas y dan cuenta de causas de infertilidad diagnosticada como idiopáticas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del zumo de sandía sobre los parámetros seminales convencionales y funcionales in vitro e in vivo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Cinco muestras de espermatozoides puros fueron incubados con peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2, 5mM) y 0,45% de extracto de sandía, se determinó la movilidad espermática al tiempo 0, 30 y 60 minutos. En los ensayos in vivo se incluyeron 20 individuos a los cuales se les determinaron los parámetros espermáticos convencionales, funcionales y la capacidad antioxidante del plasma seminal por microscopía, citometría y espectrofotometría en los días 0, 7 y 15 después de iniciar el consumo diario de 16 onzas de zumo de sandía. RESULTADOS: El extracto de sandía protege a los espermatozoides del efecto deletéreo del H2O2 sobre la movilidad espermática. Además, el consumo regular de jugo de sandía disminuye la lipoperoxidación de la membrana espermática, la producción intracelular de especies reactivas del oxígeno, el índice de fragmentación del ADN el día 15 y la capacidad antioxidante el día 7 y 15. CONCLUSIONES: El extracto de sandía genera un efecto protector sobre los espermatozoides humanos in vitro, protegiendo su movilidad del efecto negativo del H2O2. Además, si bien el consumo regular de zumo de sandía no mejora los parámetros seminales convencionales, si mejora algunos parámetros funcionales relacionados con el estrés oxidativo.

OBJETIVE: Male reproductive alterations related to oxidative stress are increasingly studied and account for causes of infertility diagnosed as idiopathic. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of watermelon juice on conventional and functional seminal parameters in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five samples of pure sperm were incubated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 5mM) and 0.45% watermelon extract, sperm motility was determined at time 0, 30 and 60 minutes. In vivo assays, 20 individuals were included. Conventional and functional sperm parameters, and antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma using microscopy, cytometry and spectrophotometry were determined on days 0, 7 and 15 after starting daily consumption of 16 ounces of watermelon juice. RESULTS: Watermelon extract protects sperm cells from the deleterious effect of H2O2 on sperm motility. In addition, regular consumption of watermelon juice decreases sperm membrane lipoperoxidation, intracellular production of reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation index on day 15 and antioxidant capacity on day 7 and 15. CONCLUSION: Watermelon extract generates a protective effect on human sperm in vitro, protecting sperm motility from the negative effect of H2O2. In addition, although regular consumption of watermelon juice does not improve conventional seminal parameters, it does improve some functional parameters related to oxidative stress.

Presencia de Ochrobactrum anthropi en muestras de semen / Presence of Ochrobactrum Anthropi in Semen Samples

Introducción: El semen es una mezcla compleja de fluidos y células que posee las condiciones adecuadas para albergar microorganismos, especialmente bacterias. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia de bacterias en el semen de individuos normozoospérmicos asintomáticos para infecciones urogenitales. Métodos: Se realizó una secuenciación estándar posterior a la amplificación por PCR con el uso de los cebadores universales 27F y 1492R para identificación de bacterias, en 10 muestras de semen de voluntarios normozoospérmicos asintomáticos para infecciones urogenitales. Resultados: Se identificó a Ochrobactrum anthropi en 8 de las 10 muestras seminales evaluadas y a Haemophilus paraurethrae o Escherichia coli en los dos restantes. O. anthropi es una bacteria comensal, ampliamente distribuida en la naturaleza, especialmente en las fuentes de agua que, a pesar de su baja virulencia, ocasionalmente causa infecciones en individuos inmunocomprometidos. Conclusión: La alta frecuencia de O. anthropi en las muestras de semen de individuos normozoospérmicos asintomáticos para infecciones urogenitales puede asociarse a procesos de contaminación durante la recolección de la muestra, debido a la amplia distribución de esta bacteria, especialmente en las fuentes de agua(AU)

Introduction: Semen is a complex combination of fluids and cells that can harbor microorganisms, especially bacteria. Objective: To assess the presence of bacteria in semen samples from asymptomatic normozoospermic individuals, for urogenital infections. Methods: Standard sequencing after PCR amplification was performed with the use of the universal primers 27F and 1492R for bacterial identification, in 10 semen samples of asymptomatic normozoospermic volunteers for urogenital infections. Results: Thisidentified Ochrobactrum anthropi in 8 out of 10 samples assessed. In the remaining two samples, we identified Haemophilus paraurethrae and Escherichia coli. O. anthropi is a commensal bacterium, widely spread in nature, especially in water sources that, despite its low virulence, occasionally cause infections in immune compromised individuals. Conclusion: The high frequency of O. anthropi in semen samples from asymptomatic normozoospermic individuals, for urogenital infections can be associated with contamination during the collection of the sample, due to the wide distribution of this bacterium, especially in water sources(AU)

Yeast and Fertility: Effects of In Vitro Activity of Candida spp. on Sperm Quality.

BACKGROUND: Candida spp. causes semen candidiasis, the most important sexually transmitted fungal infection; this microorganism affects male fertility potential and could alter oocyte fertilization. The in vitro effects of the yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata and their soluble factors of fungal metabolism on semen quality were studied. METHODS: Candida strains (2, 0.5 and 0.05 McF) and their soluble factors were incubated for 3 hr with selected spermatozoa. Conventional (Viability and motility) and functional parameters (Mitochondrial membrane potential, membrane integrity, detection of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation) were quantified in 35 semen samples. In addition, human spermatozoa were incubated under capacitating conditions with Candida spp. and soluble factors. Finally, spermatozoa were incubated with mannose before incubation with either yeast to block sperm and yeast interaction. Data was analyzed using Friedman test, and p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The conventional sperm parameters were statistically affected by the two yeast strains after 3 hr and their effect was maintained until the 24 hr incubation. However, the functional parameters were altered, this change was not statistically significant. Pretreatment of spermatozoa with mannose decreased the effect of Candida spp. CONCLUSION: The presence of C. albicans or C. glabrata affects seminal parameters. The effect is related to incubation time and yeast concentration, it can be supposed that the yeast sperm interaction is mediated through the mannose sperm receptor.

Evaluar el factor masculino mediante un espermograma durante la consulta de infertilidad / Assessing the Male Factor by a Sperm during the Consultation of Infertility

Se considera que la infertilidad se evalúa cuando una mujer no logra embarazarse de su pareja después de 12 meses de coitos regulares sin protección. Este problema afecta a un alto porcentaje de parejas en el mundo. Generalmente, el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infertilidad se enfoca solo desde el punto de vista femenino por la obvia relación con el embarazo. Sin embargo, con la evidencia existente, el problema debe ser abordado como una alteración entre la pareja(AU)

It is accepted that infertility is evaluated when a woman fails to get pregnant from her partner after 12 months of unprotected regular intercourse, a problem that affects a high percentage of couples in the world. Generally, the diagnosis and treatment of infertility focuses only from the female point of view, due to the obvious relationship with pregnancy. However, with the existing evidence, the problem must be addressed as a couple alteration(AU)

Can a Short Term of Repeated Ejaculations Affect Seminal Parameters?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of four repeated ejaculations on the same day at two-hour intervals on conventional and functional semen parameters. METHODS: Three healthy men (32±3.6 years) donated the first semen samples after 3-4 days of sexual abstinence followed by three subsequent samples on the same day at two-hour interval each. Semen samples were processed and analyzed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 guidelines. Furthermore, intracellular reactive oxygen (ROS) production, sperm DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial function were evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: An overall decreasing trend was noted in the conventional semen parameters at second, third and fourth evaluations after two hours of abstinence in comparison to first evaluation after 3-4 days of abstinence. The statistical comparison of the conventional semen parameters at fourth evaluation after 2 hr of abstinence revealed significant reduction (p<0.05) in the parameters of concentration, total sperm count and total motile sperm count at fourth evaluation. The functional parameter of intracellular ROS production showed a decreasing trend with each subsequent evaluation, the difference being significant (p<0.05) at fourth evaluation in comparison to first evaluation. An increasing trend was noted for DNA fragmentation index (DFI), although it remained within acceptable levels (<29%). The ΔΨm (high) permatozoa and the integrity of the plasma membrane remained stable throughout the evaluations. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicate the potential use of additional semen samples with repeated ejaculations at short abstinence times in assisted reproduction procedures particularly from severe oligospermic men.

¿Qué saben los hombres del valle de Aburrá acerca de la salud reproductiva? / What do men of the Aburra Valley know about reproductive health?

Objetivo: evaluar la información y las percepciones sobre algunos temas de salud reproductiva en hombres del valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: se hicieron 478 encuestas a hombres entre 10 y 58 años. El formulario incluyó 34 preguntas generales acerca de la salud reproductiva. Resultados: 58,6% de los hombres encuestados iniciaron las relaciones sexuales entre los 13 y 18 años de edad; 97,9% tienen algún conocimiento acerca de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual; 76,2% afirmaron no haber visitado a un asesor profesional antes de elegir un método anticonceptivo; 16,1% no saben lo que es un urólogo; 5% creen que el varicocele solo se presenta en hombres mayores y 21,8% no saben lo que es un espermograma. Conclusiones: los resultados de la encuesta son un aporte al conocimiento de la información y los comportamientos de un grupo de hombres del valle de Aburrá con respecto a la salud reproductiva, y alertan acerca de la necesidad de adoptar acciones que involucren a los hombres en temas básicos como la planificación familiar, el número de hijos deseados y la protección frente a las infecciones de transmisión sexual.

Objective: To evaluate the information and perceptions about reproductive health of a group of men in the Aburra Valley, Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: 478 men aged between 10 and 58 years were surveyed by means of a form including 34 general questions on reproductive health. Results: 58.6% of the surveyed men had initiated intercourse between the ages of 13 and 18 years; 97.9% had some knowledge on sexually transmitted diseases; 76% had not turned to a professional advisor before choosing a contraceptive method; 16.1% did not know which the function of an urologist is; 5% believed that varicocele only occurs in older men, and 22% did not know what a sperm analysis is. Conclusion: Results of this survey allow us to have a more accurate understanding of the behavior and knowledge of a group of men in Antioquia, Colombia about reproductive health. Additionally, they highlight the need to take action involving men in basic aspects such as family planning, the desired number of children and protection against sexually transmitted infections.

[Early embryo death: does the male factor play a role?]. / Muerte embrionaria temprana: tiene influencia el factor masculino?

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the possible role of the male factor in early embryo death. METHOD: A detailed bibliographic review has been put together to establish which alterations in spermatozoa can be associated with early embryo death. RESULTS: Before the fusion between plasma membranes of the sperm and the oocyte occurs, both germ cells must undergo a maturation process that allows successful fertilization and embryo development. The study of couples with early embryo loss is usually approached from the side of the woman due to the obvious relationship that exists between the female and the developing embryo. However, it is not illogical to suppose that a genetic or epigenetic alteration of the sperm could have important consequences on these losses due to the necessary contribution of the male gamete not only to embryonic but also to placental development. On the other hand, spermatozoa have certain characteristics such as a highly compact DNA, they undergo apoptosis and the seminal plasma contains antioxidants that protect the structural and functional integrity of the germ cell. These factors assure fertilization and embryo development. Nevertheless, epigenetic alterations of the sperm such as altered chromatin packing, mistakes in imprinting, absence or alteration of the centrosome, telomeric shortening and absence of sperm RNA, could affect functions leading to early embryo loss. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge concerning sperm intervention previous to embryo development will provide the basis for better understanding and for possible diagnosis and treatment of diverse reproductive alterations in men that could impede embryo development.

Muerte embrionaria temprana: ¿tiene influencia el factor masculino? / Early embryo death: does the male factor play a role?

Objetivo: Discutir el efecto que puede tener el factor masculino sobre la muerte embrionaria temprana. Método: Se hace una revisión de literatura de diferentes componentes del espermatozoide que pueden tener algún papel en la muerte embrionaria temprana. Resultados: Antes que ocurra la fusión entre la membrana plasmática del espermatozoide y la del oocito, ambos gametos deben sufrir un proceso de maduración que permita la fecundación y el desarrollo embrionario exitosos. El estudio de las parejas con muerte embrionaria temprana, usualmente se aborda desde el factor femenino por la obvia relación de la mujer con su producto en desarrollo, pero no es ilógico suponer que una alteración genética o epigenética en el espermatozoide, tenga un papel importante en estas pérdidas por su importancia en el desarrollo placentario y embrionario. El espermatozoide posee algunas características como el empaquetamiento del ADN, la apoptosis y los antioxidantes en el plasma seminal, que protegen la integridad estructural y funcional de la célula germinal, permitiendo que el espermatozoide fecunde al oocito y contribuya al desarrollo embrionario. Sin embargo, alteraciones epigenéticas como el remodelamiento de la cromatina y la consecuente perturbación de los eventos relacionados con la impronta genómica podrían ser causas de origen paterno que pueden tener alguna representación en las muertes embrionarias tempranas como también lo son la ausencia o alteración del centrosoma, el acortamiento telomérico y la ausencia de RNA espermático. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de la intervención espermática en el desarrollo embrionario proporcionará bases para el entendimiento y el posible diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversas alteraciones reproductivas masculinas que puedan estar ocasionando fallas en el desarrollo posterior del embrión (AU)

Objective: To discuss the possible role of the male factor in early embryo death. Method: A detailed bibliographic review has been put together to establish which alterations in spermatozoa can be associated with early embryo death. Results: Before the fusion between plasma membranes of the sperm and the oocyte occurs, both germ cells must undergo a maturation process that allows successful fertilization and embryo development. The study of couples with early embryo loss is usually approached from the side of the woman due to the obvious relationship that exists between the female and the developing embryo. However, it is not illogical to suppose that a genetic or epigenetic alteration of the sperm could have important consequences on these losses due to the necessary contribution of the male gamete not only to embryonic but also to placental development. On the other hand, spermatozoa have certain characteristics such as a highly compact DNA, they undergo apoptosis and the seminal plasma contains antioxidants that protect the structural and functional integrity of the germ cell. These factors assure fertilization and embryo development. Nevertheless, epigenetic alterations of the sperm such as altered chromatin packing, mistakes in imprinting, absence or alteration of the centrosome, telomeric shortening and absence of sperm RNA, could affect functions leading to early embryo loss. Conclusions: Knowledge concerning sperm intervention previous to embryo development will provide the basis for better understanding and for possible diagnosis and treatment of diverse reproductive alterations in men that could impede embryo development (AU)

Functional evaluation of sperm in Colombian fertile men.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in 111 ejaculates from fertile men membrane integrity of spermatozoa before selection and sperm motility, and sperm concentration and chromatin integrity before and after selection of motile spermatozoo. METHODS: We evaluated the membrane integrity (using hypoosmotic swelling test and Eosin-Y) before separation and chromatin integrity (using acridine orange), concentration and motility before and after separation by migration sedimentation technique. All individuals had pregnant wives or had procreated a baby during the last year. RESULTS: The data of sperm membrane integrity by the eosin-Y and hypoosmotic swelling tests did not show significant statistical differences and the correlation between them was low. The percentage of motile sperm (grades a + b) increased from 57% to 87% (p < 0.001), the concentration decreased from 89 to 31 x 10(6) sperm/ mL (p < 0.001) and chromatin integrity increased significantly (p < 0.0001) after separation of semen. CONCLUSIONS: The great variation in the values obtained in the functional test in fertile males requires a re-evaluation of the use of these tests in clinical practice of infertility.

Evaluación funcional del esperma en varones fértiles columbianos / Functional evaluation of sperm in colombian fertile men

OBJETIVO: El fin del presente estudio fue evaluar en 111 eyaculados de individuos fértiles la integridad de la membrana de los espermatozoides antes de la selección, y la movilidad, la concentración, la integridad de la cromatina antes y después de la selección espermática. MÉTODOS: Evaluamos la integridad de la membrana (usando la prueba de hinchazón hipoosmotica y eosina Y) antes de la selección, y la integridad de la cromatina (usando naranja de acridina) concentración y movilidad antes y después de la separación mediante la técnica de migración sedimentación. RESULTADOS: Los datos de la integridad de la membrana espermática mediante la prueba de hinchazón hipoosmótica y eosina Y no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas y la correlación entre estas fue baja. El porcentaje de espermatozoides móviles (grado a + b) se incrementó de 57% a 87% (p < 0.001), la concentración disminuyó de 89 a 31 x 106 espermatozoides/ mL (p < 0.001) y la integridad de la cromatina se incrementó significativamente (p < 0.0001) antes y después de la separación. CONLCUSIONES: la gran variación en los valores obtenidos en las pruebas funcionales en hombres fértiles requiere una re-evaluación del uso de estas pruebas en la práctica clínica de infertilidad

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in 111 ejaculates from fertile men membrane integrity of spermatozoa before selection and sperm motility, and sperm concentration and chromatin integrity before and after selection of motile spermatozoa. METHODS: We evaluated the membrane integrity (using hypoosmotic swelling test and Eosin-Y) before separation and chromatin integrity (using acridine orange), concentration and motility before and after separation by migration sedimentation technique. All individuals had pregnant wives or had procreated a baby during the last year. RESULTS: The data of sperm membrane integrity by the eosin-Y and hypoosmotic swelling tests did not show significant statistical differences and the correlation between them was low. The percentage of motile sperm (grades a + b) increased from 57% to 87% (p < 0.001), the concentration decreased from 89 to 31 x 106 sperm/mL (p < 0.001) and chromatin integrity increased significantly (p < 0.0001) after separation of semen. CONCLUSIONS: The great variation in the values obtained in the functional test in fertile males requires a re-evaluation of the use of these tests in clinical practice of infertility

[Evaluation of the calcium ionophore induced acrosome reaction: a more realistic approach to the fecundant capacity of the spermatozoid]. / Evaluación de la reacción acrosomal inducida por el ionóforo de calcio: una aproximación más real de la capacidad fecundante del espermatozoide.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the acrosome reaction by fluorescence microscopy and the flow citometry in a group of men with unknown fertility. METHODS: Each individual gave a semen sample for the analysis of the calcium ionophore-induced acrosome reaction after the capacitation process, using lectin Pisum sativum aglutinina (fluorescence microscopy) and antibody anti-CD46 (flow citometry). RESULTS: Five of out six individuals increased the number of the sperm with calcium ionophore-induced acrosome reaction versus the percentage of spontaneous acrosome reaction, using fluorescence microscopy (7.4 +/- 2.4 vs 22.5 +/- 10.1) and flow citometry (8.5 +/- 2.8 vs 25.4 +/- 6.0). On the other hand, the other individual the values of the acrosomal reaction with calcium ionophore A23187 were similar to those of the spontaneous reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Both techniques are useful to evaluate the in vitro capacity of the spermatozoa to undergo acrosomal reaction, after the capacitation, without fusion between the sperm and the egg, but the flow citometry is more objective and allow the detection of a higher cell numbers of cells. On the other hand, although the individual that did not respond to the stimulus with calcium ionophore has unknown fertility, the obtained results allow to propose that the evaluation of the acrosomal reaction could be a useful tool in the study of the men who consult for infertility.

Evaluación de la reacción acrosomal inducida por ionóforo de calcio: una aproximación más real de la capacidad fertilizante del espermatozoide / Evaluation od the calcium ionophore induced acrosome reaction: a more realistic approach to the fecundant capacity of the spermatozoid

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la reacción acrosomal inducida por el ionóforo de calcio en espermatozoides de un grupo de individuos con fertilidad desconocida. MÉTODO: Cada individuo donó una muestra de semen la cual fue evaluada para determinar la cantidad de espermatozoides que presentaban reacción acrosomal al estimularlos con el ionóforo de calcio después de la capacitación espermática. Se utilizó la lectina Pisum sativum aglutinina (microscopía de fluorescencia) y el anticuerpo anti-CD46 (citometría de flujo). RESULTADOS: Cinco de los seis individuos presentaron un aumento en el número de espermatozoides reaccionados al estimularlos con ionóforo de calcio comparado con el porcentaje de espermatozoides que presentaron reacción acrosomal espontánea tanto por microscopía de fluorescencia (7.4 +/- 2.4 vs 22.5 +/- 10.1), como por citometría de flujo (8.5 +/- 2.8 vs 25.4 +/- 6.0); en el otro individuo los valores de la reacción acrosomal con el ionóforo de calcio fueron similares a los de la reacción espontánea. CONCLUSIONES: Ambas técnicas son útiles para evaluar in vitro la capacidad de los espermatozoides para sufrir la reacción acrosomal posterior a la capacitación, sin necesidad de que exista fusión entre el espermatozoide y el oocito, pero la citometría de flujo es mas objetiva y permite visualizar un mayor número de células. De otro lado, aunque el individuo que no respondió al estímulo con el ionóforo de calcio tiene fertilidad desconocida, los resultados obtenidos permiten proponer que la evaluación de la reacción acrosomal podría ser una herramienta útil en el estudio de los hombres que consultan por infertilidad

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the acrosome reaction by fluorescence microscopy and the flow citometry in a group of men with unknown fertility. METHODS: Each individual gave a semen sample for the analysis of the calcium ionophore-induced acrosome reaction after the capacitation process, using lectin Pisum sativum aglutinina (fluorescence microscopy) and antibody anti-CD46 (flow citometry). RESULTS: Five of out six individuals increased the number of the sperm with calcium ionophore-induced acrosome reaction versus the percentage of spontaneous acrosome reaction, using fluorescence microscopy (7.4 +/- 2.4 vs 22.5 +/- 10.1) and flow citometry (8.5 +/- 2.8 vs 25.4 +/- 6.0); On the other hand, the other individual the values of the acrosomal reaction with calcium ionophore A23187 were similar to those of the spontaneous reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Both techniques are useful to evaluate the in vitro capacity of the spermatozoa to undergo acrosomal reaction, after the capacitation, without fusion between the sperm and the egg, but the flow citometry is more objective and allow the detection of a higher cell numbers of cells. On the other hand, although the individual that did not respond to the stimulus with calcium ionophore has unknown fertility, the obtained results allow to propose that the evaluation of the acrosomal reaction could be a useful tool in the study of the men who consult for infertility

Complementariedad intergametos: breve revision / Intergamete complementarity: short review

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de esta revisión es reconocer el papel de varias moléculas que están participando en la interacción intergametos durante el inicio de la fertilización y su posible relevancia en el desarrollo de un método contraceptivo. MÉTODO: Se hace una revisión de literatura sobre la interacción intergametos. RESULTADOS: La fertilización es el producto de una serie de procesos ordenados que deben sufrir tanto el espermatozoide como el oocito para interactuar y generar un nuevo ser; para que esta interacción se produzca es necesario que ambas células se encuentren en perfecto estado y que se de un reconocimiento, que es dependiente tanto de los residuos de oligosacáridos presentes en la zona pelúcida del oocito, como de receptores presentes en la membrana plasmática (receptores primarios) y en la membrana acrosomal interna (receptores secundarios) del espermatozoide. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento sobre estos procesos originará un mejor entendimiento de los mecanismos moleculares de esta interacción intergametos y podría llevar al desarrollo de herramientas tanto para control de la reproducción como para el estudio de parejas con alteraciones de la fertilidad (AU)

[Intergamete complementarity: short review]. / Complementariedad intergametos: breve revision.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to recognize the role of molecules involved in intergamete interactions during the process of fertilization and further understanding of the molecular basis of fertilization in humans for the development of new methods for contraception. METHODS: We carried out a bibliographic review on intergamete interactions. RESULTS: Fertilization is the product of a series of ordered steps that must take place both in the sperm and the oocyte for a correct interaction leading to the development of the new individual; this interaction requires that both cells are in perfect state for recognition to occur; this recognition is dependant on terminal oligosaccharide residues present in zona pellucida and their complementary receptors on sperm plasmatic (primary receptors) and inner acrosomal (secondary receptors) membranes. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of these processes will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in intergamete interaction and could lead to the development of tools for controlling reproduction as well as for helping couples presenting alterations of their